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We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. In the case of wireless communication systems, antennas play a prominent role as they convert the electronic signals into electromagnetic waves efficiently.
Antennas are basic components of any electrical circuit as they provide interconnecting links between transmitter and free space or between free space and receiver. Before we discuss antenna types, there are a few properties that need to be understood.
Apart from these properties, we also cover different types of antennas used in a wireless communication system in detail.
A metallic structure that is used to transmit or capture radio electromagnetic signals is known as an antenna. These are available in different sizes as well as shapes. The small size antennas can be found on the roofs to watch television whereas big ones are used to capturing signals using satellites. The antennas that SCaN Space Communications and Navigation mainly includes a particular antenna with bowl-shaped that focuses signals at a particular end known as a parabolic antenna.
This kind of antenna allows both transmitting and capturing electromagnetic signals which can move vertically and horizontally to transmit and capture the signal.
From a transmission line, a signal is given to an antenna, after that this signal can be changed into electromagnetic energy to be broadcasted throughout space.
Antenna plays a key role in transmitting receiving electromagnetic radiation. There are many reasons to use antennas but the main reason is, they provide an easy method to transmit signals wherever other techniques are not possible. For instance, the pilot of an airplane needs to converse with the ATC personnel frequently.
So, there are several conditions otherwise applications wherever cables are chosen over wireless communication through antennas. In a wireless communication system, the antenna is an essential component. In many applications of antennas, antennas are associated with some basic parameters. Sometimes, these are called like characteristics or properties of the antenna.
Some of the characteristics of an antenna include the following. An antenna with a higher gain is more effective in its radiation pattern. Antennas are designed in such a way that power raises in the wanted direction and decreases in unwanted directions. Aperture: This aperture is also known as the effective aperture of the antenna that actively participates in the transmission and reception of electromagnetic waves.
The power received by the antenna gets associated with the collective area. This collected area of an antenna is known as effective aperture. Directivity and Bandwidth: The directive of an antenna is defined as the measure of concentrated power radiation in a particular direction. It may be considered as the capability of an antenna to direct radiated power in a given direction. It can also be noted as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to the average radiation intensity.
Bandwidth is one of the desired parameters to choose an antenna. It can be defined as the range of frequencies over which an antenna can properly radiate energy and receives energy. Polarization: An electromagnetic wave launched from an antenna may be polarized vertically and horizontally.
If the wave gets polarized in the vertical direction, then the E vector is vertical and it requires a vertical antenna. If vector E is in a horizontal way, it needs a horizontal antenna to launch it. Sometimes, circular polarization is used, it is a combination of both horizontal and vertical ways. Effective Length: The effective length is the parameter of antennas that characterizes the efficiency of the antennas in transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves.
Effective length can be defined for both transmitting and receiving antennas. The effective length of the transmitter can be defined as the length of the free space in a conductor, and current distribution across its length generates the same field intensity in any direction of radiation.
Polar Diagram: The most significant property of an antenna is its radiation pattern or polar diagram. In the case of a transmitting antenna, this is a plot that discusses about the strength of the power field radiated by the antenna in various angular directions as shown in the plot below.
A plot can also be obtained for both vertical and horizontal planes — and, it is also named as vertical and horizontal patterns, respectively. Till now we have covered the properties of antennas, and now we will discuss different types of antennas that are used for different applications.
A log-periodic antenna is also named a log-periodic array. It is a multi-element, directional narrow beam antenna that works on a wide range of frequencies. This antenna is made of a series of dipoles placed along the antenna axis at different space intervals of time followed by a logarithmic function of frequency. A log-periodic antenna is used in a wide range of applications where variable bandwidth is required along with antenna gain and directivity.
A bow-tie antenna is also known as a Biconical antenna or Butterfly antenna. Biconical antenna is an omnidirectional wide-band antenna. According to the size of this antenna, it has low- frequency response and acts as a high-pass filter. As the frequency goes to higher limits, away from the design frequency, the radiation pattern of the antenna gets distorted and spreads.
Most of the bow-tie antennas are derivatives of biconical antennas. The discone is a type of half-biconical antenna.
The bow-tie antenna is a planar, and therefore, a directional antenna. The most common type of antenna used in wireless communication technology is a log-periodic dipole array that fundamentally comprises a number of dipole elements. These dipole-array antennas reduce in size from the back end to the front end. The leading beam of this RF antenna comes from the smaller front end. The element at the back end of the array is large in size with the half-wavelength operating in a low-frequency range.
The spacing of the element gets reduced towards the front end of the array wherein the smallest arrays are placed. During this operation, as the frequency varies, a smooth transition takes place along the array of the elements, which leads to forming an active region.
Wire antennas are also known as linear or curved antennas. These antennas are very simple, cheap, and are used in a wide range of applications.
These antennas are further subdivided into four as explained below. A dipole antenna is one of the most straightforward antenna alignments. This dipole antenna consists of two thin metal rods with a sinusoidal voltage difference between them.
The length of the rods is chosen in such a way that they have a quarter length of the wavelength at operational frequencies.
These antennas are used in designing their own antennas or other antennas. They are very simple to construct and use. The dipole antenna consists of two metallic rods through which current and frequency flow. This current and voltage flow makes an electromagnetic wave and the radio signals get radiated. The antenna consists of a radiating element that splits the rods and makes current flow through the center by using a feeder at the transmitter out that takes from the receiver.
The different types of dipole antennas used as RF antennas include half wave, multiple, folded, non-resonant, and so on. It is the simplest of all types of antennas. It does take any consideration about the absolute size of the dipole antenna. The short dipole antenna is made up of two co-linear conductors that are placed end to end, with a small gap between conductors by a feeder.
A Dipole is considered short if the length of the radiating element is less than a tenth of the wavelength. The short dipole antenna is made of two co-linear conductors that are placed end to end, with a small gap between conductors by a feeder. The short dipole antenna is infrequently satisfactory from an efficiency viewpoint because most of the power entering this antenna is dissipated as heat and resistive losses also become gradually high. A monopole antenna is half of a simple dipole antenna located over a grounded plane as shown in the figure below.
The radiation pattern above the grounded plane will be the same as the half-wave dipole antenna, however, the total power radiated is half that of a dipole; the field gets radiated only in the upper hemisphere region. The directivity of these antennas becomes double compared to the dipole antennas. The monopole antennas are also used as vehicle-mounted antennas as they provide the required ground plane for the antennas mounted above the earth.
Loop antennas share similar characteristics with both dipole and monopole antennas because they are simple and easy to construct. Loop antennas are available in different shapes like circular, elliptical, rectangular, etc. The fundamental characteristics of the loop antenna are independent of its shape. They are widely used in communication links with a frequency of around 3 GHz.
These antennas can also be used as electromagnetic field probes in microwave bands. The circumference of the loop antenna determines the efficiency of the antenna is similar to that of dipole and monopole antennas. These antennas are further classified into two types: electrically small and electrically large based on the circumference of the loop.
Electrically small loops of a single turn have small radiation resistance compared to their loss resistance. The radiation resistance of small loop antennas can be improved by adding more turns.
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